3.2.1 Non-specific Defence Systems

• Stomach acid kills pathogens that enter the body through food and drink
• Mucous membranes line the respiratory and digestive tracts
• Steps in the process of phagocytosis:

  1️⃣ Pathogen detected by phagocyte

  2️⃣ Pathogen engulfed by phagocyte

  3️⃣ Pathogen trapped inside phagocyte

  4️⃣ Pathogen broken down and destroyed
• During the inflammatory response, blood vessels become more permeable.


  True
• What are non-specific defense systems designed to protect against?

  Any type of pathogen
• Stomach acid kills pathogens due to its acidic environment.


  True
• The outer layer of the skin, called the stratum corneum, is made of dead skin cells.
• Cilia in the respiratory tract sweep pathogens out of the body through coughing or sneezing.


  True
• Vasodilation during the inflammatory response increases blood flow to the affected area
• Fever can reduce pathogen growth by creating an inhospitable environment for them.


  True
• What type of protection do non-specific defense systems provide against pathogens?

  General
• Non-specific defence systems protect the body against any type of pathogen
• The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the skin and is made of dead skin cells.


  True
• Cilia are tiny hair-like projections that line the respiratory tract.

  True
• The inflammatory response begins with vasodilation, which increases blood flow
• Key processes of the inflammatory response:

  1️⃣ Vasodilation

  2️⃣ Increased permeability

  3️⃣ Phagocytosis

  4️⃣ Fever
• The skin acts as a physical barrier to prevent pathogens from entering the body
• Match the component of non-specific defense systems with its function:

  Skin ↔️ Physical barrier

  Mucous membranes ↔️ Traps pathogens

  Stomach acid ↔️ Kills pathogens
• How does mucus trap pathogens in the respiratory and digestive tracts?

  It is a sticky fluid
• Arrange the steps of phagocytosis in the correct order:

  1️⃣ Detection of pathogens

  2️⃣ Engulfment of pathogens by the phagocyte

  3️⃣ Digestion and destruction of pathogens inside the phagocyte
• Which immune cells engulf and digest pathogens during phagocytosis?

  Phagocytes
• One risk associated with fever is dehydration
• The adaptive immune system, which involves T-cells and antibodies, is part of the specific defense systems.

  True