8.1.1 Formation of the Solar System

• What does the Nebular Hypothesis describe the formation of?

  The solar system
• As the nebula collapses, it spins faster and becomes denser at the center.


  True
• The remaining dust and gas in the nebula form a protoplanetary disk
• What were the primary components of the solar nebula's composition?

  Hydrogen and helium
• The solar nebula was much denser than Earth's atmosphere.

  False
• What is the composition of the sun's core?

  Hydrogen and helium
• The sun's mass accounts for over 99% of the solar system's total mass.


  True
• The solar nebula had a temperature range of -253°C to -233°C, which is equivalent to -423°F to -387°F in Fahrenheit
• Stages of the gravitational collapse of the nebula

  1️⃣ Collapse initiation due to gravity

  2️⃣ Formation of a protoplanetary disk

  3️⃣ Increase in temperature as kinetic energy converts to thermal energy
• The increase in temperature during the nebula's collapse is most pronounced at the center.


  True
• What force initiates the gravitational collapse of the nebula?

  Gravity
• The conservation of angular momentum causes the nebula to spin faster as it contracts.


  True
• At what temperature does nuclear fusion begin in the core of the protosun?

  10 million degrees Celsius
• What is the Nebular Hypothesis used to describe?

  Formation of the solar system
• Particles in the protoplanetary disk collide and stick together through accretion
• What percentage of the solar system's mass is contained in the sun?

  99.86%
• The solar nebula was primarily composed of hydrogen and helium
• The solar nebula was primarily composed of hydrogen and helium
• Stages of the gravitational collapse of the solar nebula

  1️⃣ Collapse Initiation

  2️⃣ Formation of Disk

  3️⃣ Increase in Temperature
• Where is the increase in temperature most pronounced during the gravitational collapse of the nebula?

  The center
• The dense central region of the nebula eventually forms the sun
• Nuclear fusion in the protosun's core requires a temperature of about 10 million degrees Celsius.

  True
• Match the planet type with its primary composition:

  Terrestrial Planets ↔️ Rock and Metal

  Gas Giants ↔️ Hydrogen and Helium Gas
• What substances condense into solids in the outer regions of the solar nebula due to lower temperatures?

  Water ice, ammonia, methane
• Major steps of the Nebular Hypothesis

  1️⃣ Nebula Collapse

  2️⃣ Formation of the Sun

  3️⃣ Formation of Planets
• Particles in the protoplanetary disk collide and stick together through accretion
• Major steps in the Nebular Hypothesis

  1️⃣ Nebula Collapse

  2️⃣ Formation of the Sun and Planets
• Nuclear fusion begins in the sun's core when it reaches a critical temperature
• Planetary cores undergo nuclear fusion.

  False
• The initial temperature of the solar nebula ranged from -253°C to -233°C, making it relatively cool
• The conservation of angular momentum causes the nebula to spin faster as it collapses.

  True
• Steps in the formation of the protosun

  1️⃣ Gas and Dust Collection

  2️⃣ Density Increase

  3️⃣ Nuclear Fusion Initiation
• The first major step of the Nebular Hypothesis is the collapse of the nebula
• What forms at the center of the collapsing nebula?

  The sun
• Planets form through the process of accretion in the protoplanetary disk.


  True
• The temperature of the solar nebula ranged from -253°C to -233°C, which is extremely cold
• Steps in the formation of the solar system according to the Nebular Hypothesis

  1️⃣ Nebula begins to collapse under gravity

  2️⃣ Nebula spins faster and becomes denser

  3️⃣ Sun forms at the center

  4️⃣ Protoplanetary disk forms

  5️⃣ Planets form through accretion
• Nuclear fusion occurs in the sun's core
• What percentage of the solar nebula's composition was hydrogen?

  71%
• The density of the solar nebula was lower than Earth's atmosphere.


  True